Acta Medica Eurasica2413-48642413-486410.47026/2413-4864-2026-1-56-66OtherВозможности применения ультрабыстрой разморозки ооцитов человека после витрификации (обзор литературы)Opportunities of using ultra-fast defrost of human oocytes after vitrification (literature review)БачуринАлексей ВладимировичBachurinAlexey V.bachurin.a.v@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3768-7657ШурыгинаОксана ВикторовнаShuryginaOksana V.oks-shurygina@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3903-4350ПоповаОльга ОлеговнаPopovaOlga O.popovaoo@outlook.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8681-8844ЖизнинВасилий ВикторовичZhizninVasily V.4uter2@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0604-881XШурыгинаАлина СергеевнаShuryginaAlina S.Al.shurygina@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-8923-6446Samara State Medical UniversityСамарский государственный медицинский университетSamara State Medical University; IDK «Mother and Child» Clinical HospitalСамарский государственный медицинский университет; Клинический госпиталь ИДК «Мать и дитя»Samara State Medical University; «Family Medicine Center» JSCСамарский государственный медицинский университет; АО «Центр семейной медицины»3003202615666https://acta-medica-eurasica.ru/single/2026/1/6/

Выживаемость ооцитов, используемых в рамках вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий, в значительной мере зависит от динамики температурных показателей, в том числе от скорости их разморозки после витрификации. Проведен анализ литературных данных о возможностях применения современных методов разморозки ооцитов после их витрификации в базах данных отечественных и международных научных библиотек. Относительно недавно были проведены пилотные исследования по применению сокращенных по длительности протоколов разморозки, продемонстрировавшие обнадеживающие эмбриологические результаты в отношении выживаемости бластоцист. Воздействие осмотического стресса на клетки во время разморозки может привести к повреждению микротрубочек, органелл, мембран и, в итоге, к лизису клеток. Представлены экспериментальные данные о том, что при ультрабыстрой разморозке выживает более 90% ооцитов. По мнению некоторых исследователей, ультрабыстрая скорость нагрева предотвращает рекристаллизацию мелких внутриклеточных кристаллов льда, образовавшихся при охлаждении. Показано, что сочетание низкого уровня внутриклеточных криопротекторов после витрификации и низких концентраций сахарозы может служить основой для применения одноэтапных методов быстрой разморозки бластоцист. Приведены данные о влиянии методов замораживания и разморозки на ультраструктурные характеристики ооцитов. Рассмотрены результаты исследований, в которых оценивалась клиническая эффективность применения различных методов разморозки клеток. Проведенный анализ литературных данных свидетельствует, что использование методов сверхбыстрой разморозки ооцитов способствует поддержанию высокого уровня их жизнеспособности, оплодотворения и развития эмбрионов. Применение этого подхода позволяет оптимизировать и стандартизировать процедуру разморозки ооцитов.

The survival rate of oocytes used in assisted reproductive technologies largely depends on the dynamics of temperature parameters, including the rate of their defrosting after vitrification. The analysis of literature data on the opportunities of using modern methods of defrosting oocytes after their vitrification in the databases of national and international scientific libraries is carried out. Relatively recently, pilot studies have been conducted on the use of time-shortened defrosting protocols, which have demonstrated encouraging embryological results in blastocyst survival. The effect of osmotic stress on cells during defrosting can lead to damage to microtubules, organelles, membranes and, as a result, to cell lysis. Experimental data are presented on the survival of more than 90% of oocytes during ultrafast defrosting. According to some researchers, ultra-fast heating rate prevents recrystallization of small intracellular ice crystals formed during cooling. It has been shown that combination of low levels of intracellular cryoprotectants following vitrification and low sucrose concentrations may provide a basis for the use of single-step methods for the rapid defrosting of blastocysts. Data on the effect of freezing and defrosting methods on the ultrastructural characteristics of oocytes are presented. The results of studies evaluating the clinical efficacy of various cell defrosting methods are reviewed. The analysis of the literature data shows that the use of ultrafast defrosting of oocytes contributes to maintaining a high level of their viability, fertilization and embryo development. The use of this approach makes it possible to optimize and standardize the procedure for defrosting oocytes with a high probability of success.

вспомогательные репродуктивные технологииооцитыэмбрионывитрификацияультрабыстрая разморозкабластоцистыassisted reproductive technologiesoocytesembryosvitrificationultrafast defrostingblastocystsBai F., Liu C., Zhang Y.X. et al. Progress on the oocyte cryopreservation technology assessment. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 2020, vol. 54(5), pp. 577–580. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112150-20190723.Bianchi V., Macchiarelli G., Borini A. et al. Fine morphological assessment of quality of human mature oocytes after slow freezing or vitrification with a closed device: a comparative analysis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol., 2014, vol. 12, p. 110. DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-110.Bianchi V., Lappi M., Bonu M.A., Borini A. Oocyte slow freezing using a 0.2–0.3 M sucrose concentration protocol: is it really the time to trash the cryopreservation machine? Fertil. Steril., 2012, vol. 97, pp. 1101–1107. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.01.127.Canosa S., Parmegiani L., Charrier L. et al. Are commercial warming kits interchangeable for vitrified human blastocysts? Further evidence for the adoption of a Universal Warming protocol. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet., 2022, vol. 9(1), pp. 67–73. DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02364-1.Casillas F., Ducolomb Y., López A., Betancourt M. Effect of porcine immature oocyte vitrification on oocyte-cumulus cell gap junctional intercellular communication. Porcine Health Manag., 2020, vol. 6(1), 37. DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00175-x.Chang C.C., Lin C.J., Sung L.Y. et al. Impact of phase transition on the mouse oocyte spindle during vitrification. Reprod. Biomed. Online, 2011, vol. 22, pp. 184–191. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.07.548.Chang C.C., Elliott T.A., Wright G. et al. Prospective controlled study to evaluate laboratory and clinical outcomes of oocyte vitrification obtained in in vitro fertilization patients aged 30 to 39 years. Fertil. Steril., 2013, vol. 99, pp. 1891–1897. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.02.008.Chaput L., Dollet S., Eymard-Pierre E. et al. Analysis of maturation dynamics and oocyte nuclear quality after rescue-IVM and semi-automated vitrification. Hum. Reprod., 2025, vol. 40(7), pp. 1344–1356. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaf078.Cobo A., Giles J., Paolelli S. et al. Oocyte vitrification for fertility preservation in women with endometriosis: an observational study. Fertil. Steril., 2020, vol. 113, pp. 836–844. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.11.017.Costa-Borges N., Matia-Algué Q., Coello A. et al. Preclinical validation of fast oocyte vitrification and warming protocols with comparable efficiencies to a standard method. Hum. Reprod., 2025, vol. 40(6), pp. 1066–1076. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaf069.Coticchio G., Pennetta F., Rizzo R. et al. Embryo morphokinetic score is associated with biomarkers of developmental competence and implantation. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2021, vol. 38(7), pp. 1737–1743. DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02162-9.Guns J., Ahlstrom A. Multicenter preclinical validation of warming procedures for human blastocysts involvig a short exposure to a single sucrose solution shows promising survival, re-expansion and continued development. 48th ed. BSRM Abstract Book, 2022.Jin B., Kleinhans F.W., Mazur P. Survivals of mouse oocytes approach 100% after vitrification in 3-fold diluted media and ultra-rapid warming by an IR laser pulse. Cryobiology, 2014, vol. 68, pp. 419–430. DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2014.03.005.Jin B., Mazur P. High survival of mouse oocytes/embryos after vitrification without permeating cryoprotectants followed by ultra-rapid warming with an IR laser. Sci Rep., 2015, vol. 19(5), 9271. DOI: 10.1038/srep09271.Kojima E., Fukunaga N., Nagai R. et al. The vitrification method is significantly better for thawing of slow-freezing embryos. Fertil. Steril., 2012, vol. 98, 124. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.07.458.Kometas M., Christman G.M., Kramer J., Rhoton-Vlasak A. Methods of Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation: Is Vitrification Superior to Slow Freezing?-Ovarian Tissue Freezing Methods. Reprod Sci., 2021, vol. 28(12), pp. 3291-–3302. DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00591-6.Kuznyetsova I., Ibarrientos Z., Motamedi G., Zaman A. Ultrafast warming of conventionally vitrified human metaphase II oocytes: A pilot study. Fertil. Steril., 2024, vol. 198 (45), e205.Lammers J., Reignier A., Loubersac S. et al. Ultra-Fast Warming Procedure of Vitrified Blastocysts Results in Maintained Embryology and Clinical Outcomes. Reprod. Sci., 2025, vol. 32(2), pp. 495–501. DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01762-x.Li D., Gao Y., Li R. Chinese Association of Reproductive Medicine.Expert consensus on the vitrification of human oocytes and embryos. Chin Med J (Engl), 2023, vol. 136(23), pp. 2773–2775. DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002895.Manns J., Patrick J.L., Katz I. et al. Clinical validation of a new, ultrafast warming protocol, resulting in equivalent implantation rates and significant time savings versus routine warming protocol, a prospective randomized control. Fertil. Steril., 2022, vol. 118, e7. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.09.227.Mukaida T., Oka C. Vitrification of oocytes, embryos and blastocysts. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol., 2012, vol. 26, pp. 789–803. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.07.001.Naert M.N., Jiang V.S., Dimitriadis I. et al. External validation study of the ultrafast blastocyst warming technique –optimizing efficiency without compromising outcomes. Fertil. Steril., 2022, vol. 118, e128. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.08.379.Nagy Z.P., Shapiro D., Chang C.C. Vitrification of the human embryo: a more efficient and safer in vitro fertilization treatment. Fertil. Steril., 2020, vol. 113(2), pp. 241–247. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.12.009.Nottola S.A., Albani E., Coticchio G. et al. Freeze/thaw stress induces organelle remodeling and membrane recycling in cryopreserved human mature oocytes. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet., 2016, vol. 33, pp. 1559–1570. DOI: 10.1007/s10815-016-0798-x.Papis K., Hardej K., Stachowiak E. et al. Equivalent outcomes of human oocytes after vitrification or slow freezing with a modified rehydration protocol. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 2025, vol. 23(1), 58. DOI: 10.1186/s12958-025-01383-2.Parmegiani L., Bernardi S., Garello C. et al. Testing the efficiency of the “universal warming protocol”. Multicenter randomised controlled study on human slow frozen oocytes. Fertil. Steril., 2014, vol. 102(3), 122. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.419.Parmegiani L., Garello C., Revelli A. et al. Efficacy and efficiency of the “universal warming protocol”: multicenter randomized controlled study on human slow frozen oocytes. Fertil. Steril., 2014, vol. 102, e122.Parmegiani L., Tatone C., Cognigni G.E. et al. Rapid warming increases survival of slow-frozen sibling oocytes: a step towards a single warming procedure irrespective of the freezing protocol? Reprod. BioMed. Online, 2014, vol. 28, pp. 614–623. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.01.015.Parmegiani L., Maccarini A.M., Rastellini A. et al. Oocyte vitrification/storage/ handling/ transportation/warming, effect on survival and clinical results in donation programmes. Curr. Trends Clin. Embryol., 2017, vol. 4, pp. 34–40. DOI:10.11138/cce/2017.4.2.034.Parmegiani L., Arnone A., Cognigni G. et al. Universal warming protocol” for a transnational egg donation program with vitrified oocytes. Fertil. Steril., 2018, vol. 110, e230. DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01798-3.Parmegiani L., Beilby K.H., Arnone A. et al. Testing the efficacy and efficiency of a single “universal warming protocol” for vitrified human embryos: prospective randomized controlled trial and retrospective longitudinal cohort study. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet., 2018, vol. 35(10), pp. 1887–1895. DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1276-4.Parmegiani L., Minasi M.G., Arnone A. et al. “Universal Warming” protocol for vitrified oocytes to streamline cell exchange for transnational donation programs: a multi-center study. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet., 2020, vol. 37, pp. 1379–1385. DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01798-3.Rienzi L., Gracia C., Maggiulli R. et al. Oocyte, embryo and blastocyst cryopreservation in ART: systematic review and meta-analysis comparing slow-freezing versus vitrification to produce evidence for the development of global guidance. Hum. Reprod. Update, 2017, vol. 23(2), pp. 139–155. DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmw038.Segers I., Mateizel I., Wouters K. et al. Ovarian Tissue Oocyte-In Vitro Maturation for Fertility Preservation. J Vis Exp., 2024, vol. 207. DOI: 10.3791/65255.Seki S., Mazur P. Ultra-rapid warming yields high survival of mouse oocytes cooled to –196°C in dilutions of a standard vitrification solution. PLoS ONE, 2012, vol. 7, e36058. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036058.Serdarogullari M., Coban O., Boynukalin F.K. et al. Successful application of a single warming protocol for embryos cryopreserved by either slow freezing or vitrification techniques. Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med., 2019, vol. 65 (1), pp. 12–19. DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2018.1487477.Taylor T.H., Manns J.N., Katz I. et al. Ultrafast warming protocol demonstrates similar outcomes and significantly decreases embryology workload compared to standard warming protocols, a randomized control trial with euploid blastocysts. Fertil. Steril., 2022, vol. 118. e150. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.08.437.Vanderzwalmen P., Zech N.H., Ectors F. et al. Blastocyst transfer after aseptic vitrification of zygotes: an approach to overcome an impaired uterine environment. Reprod. Biomed. Online, 2012, vol. 25, pp. 591–599. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.09.004.Vanderzwalmen P., Connan D., Grobet L. et al. Lower intracellular concentration of cryoprotectants after vitrification than after slow freezing despite exposure to higher concentration of cryoprotectant solutions. Hum. Reprod., 2013, vol. 28, pp. 2101–2110. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det107.Zhang H., Liu K.K. Review: optical tweezers for single cells. J. R. Soc. Interface, 2008, vol. 5, pp. 671–90. DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0052.Zhao G., Fu J. Microfluidics for cryopreservation. Biotechnol. Adv., 2017, vol. 35(2), pp. 323–336. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.01.006.Bai F., Liu C., Zhang Y.X. et al. Progress on the oocyte cryopreservation technology assessment. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 2020, vol. 54(5), pp. 577–580. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112150-20190723.Bianchi V., Macchiarelli G., Borini A. et al. Fine morphological assessment of quality of human mature oocytes after slow freezing or vitrification with a closed device: a comparative analysis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol., 2014, vol.12, 110. DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-110.Bianchi V., Lappi M., Bonu M.A., Borini A. Oocyte slow freezing using a 0.2–0.3 M sucrose concentration protocol: is it really the time to trash the cryopreservation machine? Steril., 2012, vol. 97, pp. 1101–1107. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.01.127.Canosa S., Parmegiani L., Charrier L. et al. Are commercial warming kits interchangeable for vitrified human blastocysts? Further evidence for the adoption of a Universal Warming protocol. Assist. Reprod. Genet., 2022, vol. 9(1), pp. 67–73. DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02364-1.Casillas F., Ducolomb Y., López A., Betancourt M. Effect of porcine immature oocyte vitrification on oocyte-cumulus cell gap junctional intercellular communication. Porcine Health Manag., 2020, vol. 6(1), 37. DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00175-x.Chang C.C., Lin C.J., Sung L.Y. et al. Impact of phase transition on the mouse oocyte spindle during vitrification. Biomed. Online, 2011, vol. 22, pp. 184–191. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.07.548.Chang C.C., Elliott T.A., Wright G. et al. Prospective controlled study to evaluate laboratory and clinical outcomes of oocyte vitrification obtained in in vitro fertilization patients aged 30 to 39 years. Steril., 2013, vol. 99, pp. 1891–1897. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.02.008.Chaput L., Dollet S., Eymard-Pierre E. et al. Analysis of maturation dynamics and oocyte nuclear quality after rescue-IVM and semi-automated vitrification. Reprod., 2025, vol. 40(7), pp. 1344–1356. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaf078.Cobo A., Giles J., Paolelli S. et al. Oocyte vitrification for fertility preservation in women with endometriosis: an observational study. Steril., 2020, vol. 113, pp. 836–844. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.11.017.Costa-Borges N., Matia-Algué Q., Coello A. et al. Preclinical validation of fast oocyte vitrification and warming protocols with comparable efficiencies to a standard method. Reprod., 2025, vol. 40(6), pp. 1066–1076. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaf069.Coticchio G., Pennetta F., Rizzo R. et al. Embryo morphokinetic score is associated with biomarkers of developmental competence and implantation. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2021, vol.38(7), 1737–1743. DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02162-9.Guns J., Ahlstrom A. Multicenter preclinical validation of warming procedures for human blastocysts involvig a short exposure to a single sucrose solution shows promising survival, re-expansion and continued development. 48th BSRM Abstract Book, 2022.Jin B., Kleinhans F.W., Mazur P. Survivals of mouse oocytes approach 100% after vitrification in 3-fold diluted media and ultra-rapid warming by an IR laser pulse. Cryobiology, 2014, vol. 68, pp. 419– DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2014.03.005.Jin B., Mazur P. High survival of mouse oocytes/embryos after vitrification without permeating cryoprotectants followed by ultra-rapid warming with an IR laser. Sci Rep., 2015, vol. 19(5), 9271. DOI: 10.1038/srep09271.Kojima E., Fukunaga N., Nagai R. et al. The vitrification method is significantly better for thawing of slow-freezing embryos. Steril., 2012, vol. 98, 124. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.07.458.Kometas M., Christman G.M., Kramer J., Rhoton-Vlasak A. Methods of Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation: Is Vitrification Superior to Slow Freezing?-Ovarian Tissue Freezing Methods. Reprod Sci., 2021, vol. 28(12), pp. 3291-–3302. DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00591-6.Kuznyetsova I., Ibarrientos Z., Motamedi G., Zaman A. Ultrafast warming of conventionally vitrified human metaphase II oocytes: A pilot study. Steril., 2024, vol. 198 (45), e205.Lammers J., Reignier A., Loubersac S. et al. Ultra-Fast Warming Procedure of Vitrified Blastocysts Results in Maintained Embryology and Clinical Outcomes. Sci., 2025, vol. 32(2), pp. 495–501. DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01762-x.Li D., Gao Y., Li R. Chinese Association of Reproductive Medicine.Expert consensus on the vitrification of human oocytes and embryos. Chin Med J (Engl), 2023, vol. 136(23), pp. 2773–2775. DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002895.Manns J., Patrick J.L., Katz I. et al. Clinical validation of a new, ultrafast warming protocol, resulting in equivalent implantation rates and significant time savings versus routine warming protocol, a prospective randomized control. Steril., 2022, vol. 118, e7. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.09.227.Mukaida T., Oka C. Vitrification of oocytes, embryos and blastocysts. Best Pract. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol., 2012, vol. 26, pp. 789–803. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.07.001.Naert M.N., Jiang V.S., Dimitriadis I. et al. External validation study of the ultrafast blastocyst warming technique –optimizing efficiency without compromising outcomes. Steril., 2022, vol. 118, e128. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.08.379.Nagy Z.P., Shapiro D., Chang C.C. Vitrification of the human embryo: a more efficient and safer in vitro fertilization treatment. Steril., 2020, vol. 113(2), pp. 241–247. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.12.009.Nottola S.A., Albani E., Coticchio G. et al. Freeze/thaw stress induces organelle remodeling and membrane recycling in cryopreserved human mature oocytes. Assist. Reprod. Genet., 2016, vol. 33, pp. 1559–1570. DOI: 10.1007/s10815-016-0798-x.Papis K., Hardej K., Stachowiak E. et al. Equivalent outcomes of human oocytes after vitrification or slow freezing with a modified rehydration protocol. Biol. Endocrinol., 2025, vol. 23(1), 58. DOI: 10.1186/s12958-025-01383-2.Parmegiani L., Bernardi S., Garello C. et al. Testing the efficiency of the “universal warming protocol”. Multicenter randomised controlled study on human slow frozen oocytes. Steril., 2014, vol. 102(3), 122. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.419.Parmegiani L., Garello C., Revelli A. et al. Efficacy and efficiency of the “universal warming protocol”: multicenter randomized controlled study on human slow frozen oocytes. Steril., 2014, vol. 102, e122.Parmegiani L., Tatone C., Cognigni G.E. et al. Rapid warming increases survival of slow-frozen sibling oocytes: a step towards a single warming procedure irrespective of the freezing protocol? BioMed. Online, 2014, vol. 28, pp. 614–623. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.01.015.Parmegiani L., Maccarini A.M., Rastellini A. et al. Oocyte vitrification/storage/ handling/ transportation/warming, effect on survival and clinical results in donation programmes. Trends Clin. Embryol., 2017, vol. 4, pp. 34–40. DOI:10.11138/cce/2017.4.2.034.Parmegiani L., Arnone A., Cognigni G. et al. Universal warming protocol” for a transnational egg donation program with vitrified oocytes. Steril., 2018, vol. 110, e230. DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01798-3.Parmegiani L., Beilby K.H., Arnone A. et al. Testing the efficacy and efficiency of a single “universal warming protocol” for vitrified human embryos: prospective randomized controlled trial and retrospective longitudinal cohort study. Assist. Reprod. Genet., 2018, vol. 35(10), pp. 1887–1895. DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1276-4.Parmegiani L., Minasi M.G., Arnone A. et al. “Universal Warming” protocol for vitrified oocytes to streamline cell exchange for transnational donation programs: a multi-center study. Assist. Reprod. Genet., 2020, vol. 37, pp. 1379–1385. DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01798-3.Rienzi L., Gracia C., Maggiulli R. et al. Oocyte, embryo and blastocyst cryopreservation in ART: systematic review and meta-analysis comparing slow-freezing versus vitrification to produce evidence for the development of global guidance. Reprod. Update, 2017, vol. 23(2), pp. 139–155. DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmw038.Segers I., Mateizel I., Wouters K. et al. Ovarian Tissue Oocyte-In Vitro Maturation for Fertility Preservation. J Vis Exp., 2024, vol. 207. DOI: 10.3791/65255.Seki S., Mazur P. Ultra-rapid warming yields high survival of mouse oocytes cooled to –196°C in dilutions of a standard vitrification solution. PLoS ONE, 2012, vol. 7, e36058. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036058.Serdarogullari M., Coban O., Boynukalin F.K. et al. Successful application of a single warming protocol for embryos cryopreserved by either slow freezing or vitrification techniques. Biol. Reprod. Med., 2019, vol. 65 (1), pp. 12–19. DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2018.1487477.Taylor T.H., Manns J.N., Katz I. et al. Ultrafast warming protocol demonstrates similar outcomes and significantly decreases embryology workload compared to standard warming protocols, a randomized control trial with euploid blastocysts. Steril., 2022, vol. 118. e150. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.08.437.Vanderzwalmen P., Zech N.H., Ectors F. et al. Blastocyst transfer after aseptic vitrification of zygotes: an approach to overcome an impaired uterine environment. Biomed. Online, 2012, vol. 25, pp. 591–599. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.09.004.Vanderzwalmen P., Connan D., Grobet L. et al. Lower intracellular concentration of cryoprotectants after vitrification than after slow freezing despite exposure to higher concentration of cryoprotectant solutions. Reprod., 2013, vol. 28, pp. 2101–2110. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det107.Zhang H., Liu K.K. Review: optical tweezers for single cells. R. Soc. Interface, 2008, vol. 5, pp. 671–90. DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0052.Zhao G., Fu J. Microfluidics for cryopreservation. Adv., 2017, vol. 35(2), pp. 323–336. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.01.006.